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    <title>UTas ePrints - The impact of an introduced predator on a threatened galaxiid fish is reduced by the availability of complex habitats</title>
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    <meta content="Stuart-Smith, Rick D." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Stuart-Smith, Jemina F." name="eprints.creators_name" />
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<meta content="The impact of an introduced predator on a threatened
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<meta content="1. The availability of complex habitats such as macrophytes may be vital in determining
the outcomes of interactions between introduced predators and native prey. Introduced
brown trout (Salmo trutta) have impacted numerous small native freshwater fishes in the
southern hemisphere, but the potential role of complex habitats in determining the direct
outcomes of brown trout - native fish interactions has not been experimentally evaluated.
2. An in-lake enclosure experiment was used to evaluate the importance of structurally
complex habitats in affecting the direct impacts of brown trout on a threatened galaxiid
fish. Five Galaxias auratus and a single brown trout were added to enclosures containing
one of three different habitat types (artificial macrophytes, rocks and bare silt substrate).
The experiment also had control enclosures without brown trout. Habitat-dependence of
predation risk was assessed by analysis of G. auratus losses to predation, and stomach
contents of remaining fish were analysed to determine if brown trout directly affect the
feeding of G. auratus and whether this is also habitat-dependent.
3. Predation risk of G. auratus differed significantly between habitat types, with the highest
mortality in enclosures with only bare silt substrate and the lowest in enclosures
containing artificial macrophytes. This result highlights the importance of availability of
complex habitats for trout - native fish interactions and suggests that increasing habitat
degradation and loss in fresh waters may exacerbate the direct impacts of introduced
predators.
4. Stomach contents analyses were restricted to fish in enclosures with artificial
macrophytes and rocks, as most fish were consumed in enclosures with brown trout and
only bare silt substrate. These analyses suggest that brown trout do not directly affect the
feeding of G. auratus in complex habitats, but it is still unknown whether its feeding is
reduced if complex habitats are unavailable." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2007" name="eprints.date" />
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<meta content="Allan J.D. (1978) Trout predation and the size composition
of stream drift. Limnology and Oceanography, 23,
1231-1237.
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C.P. (1999) Estimating diel, depth-specific foraging
opportunities with a visual encounter rate model for
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Belanger R.M. &amp; Corkum L.D. (2003) Susceptibility of
tethered round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) to predation in habitats with and without shelters. Journal
of Great Lakes Research, 29, 588-593.
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impact of introduced brown and rainbow trout on
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Biology and Fisheries, 2, 217-241.
Diehl S. (1988) Foraging efficiency of three freshwater
fishes: effects of structural complexity and light. Oikos,
53, 207-214.
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macrophyte growth forms as fish foraging habitat.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48,
123-131.
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Juvenile convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus)
allocate foraging and antipredator behaviour in response
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Naslund I. (1992) Interaction for
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behaviour of 0+ year Perca fluviatilis: effect of
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Nocturnal and diurnal feeding by Galaxias auratus,
a lentic galaxiid fish. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 15,
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(2004) Increasing turbidity significantly alters the diet
of brown trout: a multi-year longitudinal study. Journal
of Fish Biology, 65, 376-388.
Stuart-Smith R.D., White R.W.G. &amp; Barmuta L.A. (2007a)
A shift in the habitat use pattern of a lentic galaxiid
fish: an acute behavioural response to an introduced
predator. Environmental Biology of Fishes. In press.
Stuart-Smith R.D., Stuart-Smith J.F., White R.W.G. &amp;
Barmuta L.A. (2007b) The effects of turbidity and
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Stunz G.W. &amp; Minello T.J. (2001) Habitat-related predation
on juvenile wild-caught and hatchery-reared red
drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus). Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 260, 13-25.
Sunardi, Asaeda T. &amp; Manatunge J. (2005) Foraging of a
small planktivore (Pseutlorasbora parva: Cyprinidae)
and its behavioral flexibility in an artificial stream.
Hydrobiologia, 549, 155-166.
Van Buskirk J. &amp; Yurewicz K.L. (1998) Effects of
predators on prey growth rate: relative contributions
of thinning and reduced activity. Oikos, 82, 20-28.
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benthic invertebrate communities in shallow New
Zealand lakes. Freshwater Biology, 51, 2009-2028.
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structure and fisheries in Berlin waters: an urban
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97-104.
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vulnerability of prey to an invading top predator:
integrating field surveys and laboratory experiments.
Ecological Entomology, 27, 732-744.
Zambrano L., Scheffer M. &amp; Martinez-Ramos M. (2001)
Catastrophic response of lakes to benthivorous fish
introduction. Oikos, 94, 344-350." name="eprints.referencetext" />
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the outcomes of interactions between introduced predators and native prey. Introduced
brown trout (Salmo trutta) have impacted numerous small native freshwater fishes in the
southern hemisphere, but the potential role of complex habitats in determining the direct
outcomes of brown trout - native fish interactions has not been experimentally evaluated.
2. An in-lake enclosure experiment was used to evaluate the importance of structurally
complex habitats in affecting the direct impacts of brown trout on a threatened galaxiid
fish. Five Galaxias auratus and a single brown trout were added to enclosures containing
one of three different habitat types (artificial macrophytes, rocks and bare silt substrate).
The experiment also had control enclosures without brown trout. Habitat-dependence of
predation risk was assessed by analysis of G. auratus losses to predation, and stomach
contents of remaining fish were analysed to determine if brown trout directly affect the
feeding of G. auratus and whether this is also habitat-dependent.
3. Predation risk of G. auratus differed significantly between habitat types, with the highest
mortality in enclosures with only bare silt substrate and the lowest in enclosures
containing artificial macrophytes. This result highlights the importance of availability of
complex habitats for trout - native fish interactions and suggests that increasing habitat
degradation and loss in fresh waters may exacerbate the direct impacts of introduced
predators.
4. Stomach contents analyses were restricted to fish in enclosures with artificial
macrophytes and rocks, as most fish were consumed in enclosures with brown trout and
only bare silt substrate. These analyses suggest that brown trout do not directly affect the
feeding of G. auratus in complex habitats, but it is still unknown whether its feeding is
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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">The impact of an introduced predator on a threatened galaxiid fish is reduced by the availability of complex habitats</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Stuart-Smith, Rick D.</span> and <span class="person_name">Stuart-Smith, Jemina F.</span> and <span class="person_name">White, R.W.G.</span> and <span class="person_name">Barmuta, Leon A.</span> (2007) <xhtml:em>The impact of an introduced predator on a threatened galaxiid fish is reduced by the availability of complex habitats.</xhtml:em> Freshwater Biology, 52 . pp. 1555-1563.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1294/1/Fbiopdf.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" border="0" class="ep_doc_icon" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1294/1/Fbiopdf.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />167Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input value="1688" name="docid" accept-charset="utf-8" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01787.x">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01787.x</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">1. The availability of complex habitats such as macrophytes may be vital in determining&#13;
the outcomes of interactions between introduced predators and native prey. Introduced&#13;
brown trout (Salmo trutta) have impacted numerous small native freshwater fishes in the&#13;
southern hemisphere, but the potential role of complex habitats in determining the direct&#13;
outcomes of brown trout - native fish interactions has not been experimentally evaluated.&#13;
2. An in-lake enclosure experiment was used to evaluate the importance of structurally&#13;
complex habitats in affecting the direct impacts of brown trout on a threatened galaxiid&#13;
fish. Five Galaxias auratus and a single brown trout were added to enclosures containing&#13;
one of three different habitat types (artificial macrophytes, rocks and bare silt substrate).&#13;
The experiment also had control enclosures without brown trout. Habitat-dependence of&#13;
predation risk was assessed by analysis of G. auratus losses to predation, and stomach&#13;
contents of remaining fish were analysed to determine if brown trout directly affect the&#13;
feeding of G. auratus and whether this is also habitat-dependent.&#13;
3. Predation risk of G. auratus differed significantly between habitat types, with the highest&#13;
mortality in enclosures with only bare silt substrate and the lowest in enclosures&#13;
containing artificial macrophytes. This result highlights the importance of availability of&#13;
complex habitats for trout - native fish interactions and suggests that increasing habitat&#13;
degradation and loss in fresh waters may exacerbate the direct impacts of introduced&#13;
predators.&#13;
4. Stomach contents analyses were restricted to fish in enclosures with artificial&#13;
macrophytes and rocks, as most fish were consumed in enclosures with brown trout and&#13;
only bare silt substrate. These analyses suggest that brown trout do not directly affect the&#13;
feeding of G. auratus in complex habitats, but it is still unknown whether its feeding is&#13;
reduced if complex habitats are unavailable.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" border="0" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">brown trout, enclosures, Galaxias auratus, macrophytes, predation risk&#13;
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270701.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270701 Freshwater Ecology</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">1294</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Mr Rick D. Stuart-Smith</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">13 Aug 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">12 Feb 2008 10:22</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=1294;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=1294">item control page</a></p>
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